The editorial board adheres to the EASE Recommendations on the Use of AI in Scholarly Communication and the Guidelines on the responsible use of generative AI in research developed by the European Research Area Forum, taking into account the specifics of legal research.

USE OF AI BY AUTHORS

Authors may use AI as a tool to support their research, ensuring that the manuscript reflects the authors’ original contribution, their own analysis, arguments, reasoning, conclusions, and suggestions.

The use of AI should not replace the functions of authorship, critical thinking, and the formation of research results. Where necessary, authors should disclose information about the use of AI.

When using any AI model, authors should ensure that the model’s terms of use allow the subsequent publication of results from such use. Authors should also ensure that the use of the AI model protects the confidentiality of the authors’ data and source data.

Permitted use of AI that does not need to be mentioned in the manuscript:
● search for data and sources of information on the research topic. Authors may use such data and sources, provided that their content and reliability are carefully verified
● translation of information from sources written in other languages. Authors should ensure that the translation is accurate and conveys the content of the information correctly
● editing the text of the manuscript to improve grammar, spelling, and punctuation. Authors may edit the text if they wish, but this is not necessary, as the journal Theory and Practice of Intellectual Property provides professional proofreading of all manuscripts before publication
● formatting references in accordance with APA style (7th ed.), ensuring that the information in each reference is reflected accurately.

Permitted use of AI that should be mentioned in the manuscript:
● conducting any experiment. Legal research is not usually associated with conducting experiments; however, if this is necessary to achieve the research objective, the article should describe the essence of the experiment and indicate which AI model was used, what stages the experiment consisted of, what tasks were set at each stage, and what results were obtained at each stage
● text and data analysis for the purpose of generating statistics or other conclusions about the text and data. The article should describe the essence and purpose of such analysis and indicate which AI model was used, which texts and/or data were analysed, what tasks were set, and what results were obtained
● generating diagrams, charts, and histograms. Authors usually create such visual elements themselves or cite those contained in various reports and analytical materials. When generating such visual elements, the article should indicate which AI model was used, what data was provided to the AI, and what tasks were set
● generating images. Legal research doesn’t usually need to generate images; however, if it’s justified by the research objective, the article should describe the purpose of generating the image, indicate which AI model was used, and what task was set.

Prohibited use of AI:
● referring to AI as the primary source of any information
● generating any part of the article text for subsequent submission on behalf of the author of the manuscript
● analysis of text and data for the purpose of interpreting them for further use of such interpretation on behalf of the author of the manuscript
● using AI to rephrase another author’s text for further use of that text on behalf of the author of the manuscript
● using AI to rephrase text generated by AI for further use of that text on behalf of the author of the manuscript
● generating any information that imitates a survey, experiment, or other activity conducted by the author, for subsequently presenting such information on behalf of the author of the manuscript
● generating an image that, in whole or in part, reproduces a copyrighted image
● generating an image of a real person, product, and/or trademark logo
● editing an existing image, which changes, moves, deletes, or adds information to it.

USE OF AI BY REVIEWERS

AI technologies can be useful tools in manuscript review if their use is ethical and transparent and does not replace the role of reviewers.

Permitted use of AI:
● searching for and/or verifying data related to the topic of the article to ensure the completeness of the research
● search for sources of information on the topic of the article to ensure that the research takes into account the current state of scientific and practical developments in the relevant field
● editing the text of the review to improve grammar, spelling, and punctuation.

Prohibited use of AI:
● uploading a manuscript into any AI model, in whole or in part, for the purpose of analysing the manuscript
● generating any part of the review, comments, or conclusions of the reviewer.

USE OF AI BY THE EDITORIAL BOARD

AI technologies may be used by the editorial board in the following cases:
● search for publications and data on the professional experience of persons involved as reviewers
● search for publications by the author(s) of the manuscript to determine whether the submitted manuscript duplicates, in whole or in large part, previously published material by the author(s)
● analysis of the manuscript text to identify matches with other texts.

AI technologies cannot be used by the editorial board to evaluate the quality of manuscripts and decide whether to accept or reject them.