Theory and practice of intellectual property
№ 3 / 2026

ISSN (Print) 2308-0361
ISSN (Online) 2519-2744

PDF (Ukrainian)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.33731/tpip.2026.3.8

Submitted     2026-07-24
Accepted      2026-08-11
Published      2026-09-10

Balancing of public and private interests when applying copyright and neighboring rights exceptions and limitations in the EU case law

Maksym Naumko
PhD student,
Intellectual Property Scientific Research Institute
of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine
Kyiv, Ukraine
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0734-0235

Abstract
The article examines the balance between public and private interests in the application of copyright and related rights exceptions and limitations in the CJEU’s case law, as well as the prospects for the development of its case law in light of the proliferation of artificial intelligence tools. It establishes that CJEU adheres to a narrow interpretation of exceptions and limitations to copyright and related rights to ensure a high level of protection for the rights of authors and other rights holders, and considers that the exhaustive list of exceptions and limitations provided for in the EU directives is sufficient to ensure a fair balance of interests. The article concludes that these trends will also be reflected in future decisions of CJEU in cases concerning application of exceptions and limitations in the context of the use of artificial intelligence systems, in particular by holding that the exceptions and limitations to copyright and related rights existing under EU law do not apply to the training of artificial intelligence models for commercial purposes, given the technological differences between the text and data mining and the training of generative artificial intelligence models for commercial purposes.

Keywords: copyright, related rights, balance of interests, EU Directives, CJEU, artificial intelligence

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