{"id":9251,"date":"2026-01-12T15:51:05","date_gmt":"2026-01-12T13:51:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/?page_id=9251"},"modified":"2026-02-03T23:11:13","modified_gmt":"2026-02-03T21:11:13","slug":"2022-1-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/2022-1-2\/","title":{"rendered":"2022-1-2"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

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Theory and practice of intellectual property
\u2116 1 \/ 2022<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ISSN (Print) 2308-0361
ISSN (Online) 2519-2744<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\"\" PDF (Ukrainian)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n
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DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/12022.258183<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Published \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02022-06-03<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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NFT: a private law view through the link with copyright<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Liubov Maidanyk<\/strong>
Ukraine
https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1794-4513<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Abstract
<\/strong>This article is devoted to the study of non-fungible tokens (NFT) as a new tool, which due to its technical features is unique and unrepeatable and has recently been widely used by art collectors. This article attempts to define the legal understanding of non-fungible tokens from the perspective of civil law, as well as copyrights. In order to achieve this goal, the article identifies the main legally important components of the NFT creation process, which not least determine the place in the system of objects of law. This article defines certain approaches to the understanding of virtual (digital) property in relation to the category of crypto-asset (virtual asset) under Ukrainian law, as a result of which the position about the possibility of attributing NFT for certain conditions is substantiated. The position about the possible obligatory nature of NFT is substantiated. The possibility of obtaining copyright on the work in connection with which NFT is created, as well as the emergence of resale right is analysed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

It is concluded that NFT is not a work, and is not the result of acquiring intellectual property rights, but can only certify property rights. NFT can be secured by a property right of claim, for example concerning the transfer of a property, including the original work of art, the image of which is used for such NFT. NFT is not a separate copyright object, as technically, it is only a metadata associated with a digital file \u2014 a digital copy of a copyright or related rights object. The use of the copyrighted work on NFT can be lawfully executed only with the permission of the copyright holder. The use of the NFT copyright may be deemed unlawful under certain conditions, which requires separate permission from the copyright holder.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Keywords: <\/strong>NFT, copyright, virtual assets, nonfungible tokens<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0456\u0442 \u041a. \u0413. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u0456\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456: \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430: \u043c\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0456\u044f. \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430: \u0413\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0432\u0435\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430, 2021. 554 \u0441.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Legal Information Institute.
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\u041f\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043b\u044f\u043a \u0410. \u0429\u043e \u0442\u0430\u043a\u0435 NFT-\u0442\u043e\u043a\u0435\u043d\u0438 \u0456 \u043d\u0430\u0432\u0456\u0449\u043e \u0432\u043e\u043d\u0438 \u043c\u0438\u0442\u0446\u044f\u043c? 
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\u0428\u0435\u0432\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u041b. \u0420\u0430\u0441\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u043c, \u043a\u0430\u043a \u041c\u0430\u0440\u043a \u0426\u0443\u043a\u0435\u0440\u0431\u0435\u0440\u0433 \u0441\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0430\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0443 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438.
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Beeple\u2019s opus.
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Satoshi Nakamoto Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System.
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Guadamuz A., Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, Volume 16, Issue 12, December 2021, Pages 1367\u20131385.
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpab152<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sales hit 12 million cryptokitties is predicted as ethereums killer apps.
https:\/\/medium.com\/@socialmedia_63108\/sales-hit-12-million-cryptokitties-is-predicted-as-ethereums-killer-app-2ebd40e520c0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041c\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0420. \u0410. \u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0456 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0432 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0444\u0456\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0431\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0443 : \u0442\u0435\u0437\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u0435\u0439 \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0456\u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a\u043e\u0432\u043e-\u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0457, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0457 96-\u0439 \u0440\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0446\u0456 \u0432\u0456\u0434 \u0434\u043d\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041e. \u0410. \u041f\u0443\u0448\u043a\u0456\u043d\u0430 (\u0425\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432, 21 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043d\u044f 2021 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443). \u0425\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0456\u0432 : \u0425\u041d\u0423\u0412\u0421, 2021. \u0421. 56\u221263.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0428\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043d \u0421. \u0406. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u044f\u043a \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043d. \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432 : \u042e\u0440\u0456\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c \u0406\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440, 2014, 664 \u0441.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bernardino D. et al., NFT \u2014 Legal Token Classification (July 22, 2021). EU Blockchain Observatory and Forum NFT Reports.
https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=38918723<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proposal for a REGULATION OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL on Markets in Crypto-assets, and amending Directive (EU) 2019\/1937.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041f\u0440\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0440\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0438 : \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0454\u043a\u0442 \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u2116 3637 \u0432\u0456\u0434 11.06.2020.
http:\/\/w1.c1.rada.gov.ua\/pls\/zweb2\/webproc4_1?pf3511=69110<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041d\u0435\u043a\u0456\u0442 \u041a. \u0413. \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0432 \u0456\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0456: \u0446\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043b\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 : \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0435\u0444. \u0434\u0438\u0441…. \u0434-\u0440\u0430 \u044e\u0440\u0438\u0434. \u043d\u0430\u0443\u043a: 12.00.03. \u041e\u0434\u0435\u0441\u0430, 2021. 44 \u0441.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u041b\u0435\u0439\u0437\u0430\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e \u0414. TJournal. \u041a\u0440\u0438\u043f\u0442\u043e\u0438\u043d\u0432\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043a\u0443\u043f\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0437\u0430 $3 \u043c\u043b\u043d \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0443 \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043d\u0435\u0441\u043d\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u0414\u044e\u043d\u044b\u00bb \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0448\u0438\u043b\u0438, \u0447\u0442\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0438\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430 \u0435\u0451 \u044d\u043a\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e.
https:\/\/tjournal.ru\/internet\/514014-kriptoinvestory-kupili-za-3-mln-knigu-s-raskadrovkami-nesnyatoy-dyuny-i-reshili-chto-poluchili-prava-na-ee-ekranizaciyu?fbclid=IwAR1jtywxZfQCFGwUonF7DRVP9509COhY2Ir22RxXY3jxZLtjRBuSJudeaTo<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0420\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043f\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0456 GS Media BV v Sanoma Media Netherlands BV and Others (Case C-160\/15ECLI:EU:C:2016:644).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Raustiala K., Sprigman Ch. Guest Column: Tarantino vs. Miramax \u2014 Behind the NFT \u2018Pulp Fiction\u2019 Case, and Who Holds the Advantage. Hollywoodreporter.
https:\/\/www.hollywoodreporter.com\/business\/digital\/tarantino-miramax-pulp-fiction-nft-1235052378\/<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Theory and practice of intellectual property\u2116 1 \/ 2022 ISSN (Print) 2308-0361ISSN (Online) 2519-2744 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/12022.258183 Published \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02022-06-03 NFT: a private law view through the link with copyright Liubov MaidanykUkrainehttps:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1794-4513 AbstractThis article is devoted to the study of non-fungible tokens (NFT) as a new tool, which due to its technical features is unique and unrepeatable […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-9251","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9251","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9251"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9251\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9828,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/9251\/revisions\/9828"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9251"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}