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<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTheory and practice of intellectual property
\u2116 4 \/ 2025<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ISSN (Print) 2308-0361
ISSN (Online) 2519-2744<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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PDF (Ukrainian)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/42025.346625<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Submitted 2025-11-14 <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n Granting patent protection to lethal autonomous weapons<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Nataliia Mazaraki<\/strong> Nataliia Melnychenko<\/strong> Yuliia Honcharova<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n Abstract The methodology combines doctrinal and comparative legal analysis of the TRIPS Agreement and Ukrainian legislation with a review of positions taken by international actors (the UN, the ICRC) and relevant administrative practice. The focus is on the meaning of the criterion of \u201cpreventing commercial exploitation\u201d as a substantive basis for refusing patents; on distinguishing commercial exploitation (manufacture, distribution, licensing) from a state\u2019s battlefield use; and on the role of disclosure in assessing the predictability, controllability, and accountability of autonomous functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n The results indicate that, in the context of LAWS the decisive issue for public order\/morality is not the abstract \u201cdangerousness\u201d of a technology, but typical market exploitation that may invariably lead to outcomes incompatible with humanity. A well-founded examination of LAWS depends on adequate disclosure of technical features that ensure meaningful human control, limitations on the scope of operation, and appropriate fail-safe mechanisms. In the Ukrainian context, public order should be understood as encompassing national security interests, including defence capability and protection of the constitutional order. This understanding provides a framework for balancing the societal value of defensive technologies against the humanitarian and ethical risks associated with LAWS-related inventions, without turning patent offices into general ethical regulators. The article concludes that patent examination in this field must rely on a transparent, case-sensitive assessment of how market exploitation of LAWS aligns with public order, national security, and generally recognised principles of morality.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Keywords: <\/strong>lethal autonomous weapons, patent, artificial intelligence, public order<\/p>\n\n\n\n References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n \u0423\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u0430\u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 : \u0423\u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430; \u0421\u041e\u0422 \u0432\u0456\u0434 15.04.1994. \u041f\u0440\u043e \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456 : \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 15.12.1993 \u2116 3687-XII. \u0404\u0432\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0435\u0439\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u044f : \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440 \u0432\u0456\u0434 05.10.1973 \u0440. 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P. 665\u2013669. \u0413\u043e\u043d\u0447\u0430\u0440\u0443\u043a \u0414. \u041e\u041e\u041d \u0442\u0430 \u043b\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430 \u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u044f: \u0433\u043e\u0440\u0434\u0456\u0457\u0432 \u0432\u0443\u0437\u043e\u043b \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0433\u0443\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0442\u0430\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0430. \u0417\u043e\u0432\u043d\u0456\u0448\u043d\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0440\u0433\u0456\u0432\u043b\u044f: \u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0430, \u0444\u0456\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0438, \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e. 2025. \u2116 3 (140). \u0421. 14\u201331. \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u0432\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0438 : \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0456 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0440\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 12.08.1949 \u0440. \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043b \u0434\u043e \u0416\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0432\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0432\u0435\u043d\u0446\u0456\u0439 \u0432\u0456\u0434 12 \u0441\u0435\u0440\u043f\u043d\u044f 1949 \u0440\u043e\u043a\u0443, \u0449\u043e \u0441\u0442\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0454\u0442\u044c\u0441\u044f \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0443 \u0436\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0432 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0437\u0431\u0440\u043e\u0439\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0444\u043b\u0456\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432 : \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0434\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0432\u0456\u0440 \u0432\u0456\u0434 08.06.1977 \u0440. 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Geneva: WTO, 2000. \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u0430 \u043e\u0440\u0433\u0430\u043d\u0456\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f \u00ab\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u043d\u0430\u0446\u0456\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0444\u0456\u0441 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0442\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0439\u00bb (\u0423\u041a\u0420\u041d\u041e\u0406\u0412\u0406). \u041c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0456 \u0440\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0449\u043e\u0434\u043e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043e\u043a \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438 \u0456 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0456 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0456. \u0417\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043c \u0423\u041a\u0420\u041d\u041e\u0406\u0412\u0406 \u0432\u0456\u0434 06.05.2025 \u2116 102\/2025. \u041a\u0438\u0457\u0432: \u0423\u041a\u0420\u041d\u041e\u0406\u0412\u0406, 2025. 204 \u0441. \u041f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0442\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0434\u0436\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0438\u043b \u0441\u043a\u043b\u0430\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0435\u043a\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0438 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u0432\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0445\u0456\u0434 \u0456 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0441\u043d\u0443 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c : \u041d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437; \u041c\u0456\u043d\u0456\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e \u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 09.09.2024 \u2116 23301\/ \u041f\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0404. \u0412. \u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0456\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043e\u043a \u0434\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u0438 \u044f\u043a \u00ab\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0448\u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430\u00bb \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044e \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443 : \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0456\u044f. 2021. \u0426\u0438\u0432\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043a\u0441 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 : \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 16 \u0441\u0456\u0447\u043d\u044f 2003 \u0440. \u2116 435-IV. \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. 2003. \u2116 40\u201344. \u0421\u0442. 356.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u041f\u0440\u043e \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0442\u043d\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e : \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 23 \u0447\u0435\u0440\u0432\u043d\u044f 2005 \u0440. \u2116 2709-IV. \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. 2005. \u2116 32. \u0421\u0442. 422.<\/p>\n\n\n\n \u041f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0430 \u041f\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0443\u043c\u0443 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0421\u0443\u0434\u0443 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u2116 12 \u0432\u0456\u0434 24 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u044f 1999 \u0440. \u041f\u0440\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0443 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0433\u043b\u044f\u0434\u0443 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u043a\u043b\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u044c \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0437\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0439 \u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044c \u0456\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0435\u043c\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0443\u0434\u0456\u0432 \u0442\u0430 \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u0441\u0443\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u044c, \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0443 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u044f\u0434\u043a\u0443 \u043c\u0456\u0436\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0430\u0440\u0431\u0456\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0443 \u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0456\u0457 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. \u0410\u043f\u0435\u043b\u044f\u0446\u0456\u0439\u043d\u0430 \u043f\u0430\u043b\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0414\u0435\u0440\u0436\u0430\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0456\u0434\u043f\u0440\u0438\u0454\u043c\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u00ab\u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0441\u044c\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0456\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456\u00bb (\u0423\u043a\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442). \u0420\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u0443 \u0441\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u0456 \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f\u043c \u041d\u0412\u041f \u00ab\u041d\u0418\u0412\u0410\u00bb \u0422\u041e\u0412 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0442\u0438 \u0440\u0456\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044f \u041c\u0456\u043d\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0456\u043a\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 29.11.2019 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0432\u0456\u0434\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0443 \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0454\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0456\u0457 \u0437\u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0456\u0432 \u0456 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0443\u0433 \u00ab\u0411\u041b\u0410\u0413\u041e\u0412\u0406\u0421\u0422\u042c\u00bb \u0437\u0430 \u0437\u0430\u044f\u0432\u043a\u043e\u044e \u2116 m 2017 24871. 12.08.2021. \u0414\u043e\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043a \u0434\u043e \u043d\u0430\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0443 \u0414\u041f \u00ab\u0423\u043a\u0440\u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u00bb \u0432\u0456\u0434 26.08.2021 \u2116 164-\u041d\/2021. 11 \u0441. \u041f\u0440\u043e \u0437\u0430\u0445\u0438\u0441\u0442 \u0441\u0443\u0441\u043f\u0456\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0456 : \u0417\u0430\u043a\u043e\u043d \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438 \u0432\u0456\u0434 20 \u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0430 2003 \u0440. \u2116 1296-IV. \u0412\u0456\u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u0412\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0438. 2004. \u2116 14. \u0421\u0442. 192. Theory and practice of intellectual property\u2116 4 \/ 2025 ISSN (Print) 2308-0361ISSN (Online) 2519-2744 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/42025.346625 Submitted 2025-11-14Accepted 2025-11-25Published 2025-12-15 Granting patent protection to lethal autonomous weapons Nataliia MazarakiDoctor of Legal Sciences\/Dr. Habil. (Law), Professor, Head of the Department of International, Civil and Commercial Law at the State University of Trade and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7555","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7555","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7555"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7555\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8181,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7555\/revisions\/8181"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7555"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Accepted 2025-11-25
Published 2025-12-15<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/CC-2.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Doctor of Legal Sciences\/Dr. Habil. (Law), Professor,
Head of the Department of International, Civil and Commercial Law
at the State University of Trade and Economics
Ukraine
https:\/\/orcid.org\/<\/a>0000-0002-1729-7846<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Department of International, Civil and Commercial Law
at the State University of Trade and Economics
Ukraine
https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8482-9339<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n
PhD (Law), Associate Professor, Department of International, Civil and Commercial Law
at the State University of Trade and Economics
Ukraine
https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4679-3715<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/strong>The article examines whether and how patent law can accommodate ethical and legal concerns related to lethal autonomous weapon systems (LAWS) within the scope of the public order and morality exception. Its central argument is that the grant of patent protection for inventions connected with LAWS requires balancing the technological neutrality of patent law with the need to safeguard humanity, human rights, and the foundations of public order.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/go\/981_018<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/go\/3687-12<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/www.epo.org\/en\/legal\/epc<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/docs-library.unoda.org\/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons_-Group_of_Governmental_Experts_on_Lethal_Autonomous_Weapons_Systems_(2023)\/CCW_GGE1_2023_CRP.1_0.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-662-68599-0_33<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511920837.007<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3465577<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3822924<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1163\/15718093-bja10073<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/grurint\/ikad042<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.31617\/3.2025(140)02<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/995_151<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/995_199<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/documents.unoda.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/CCW_GGE.1_2019_3_E.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/www.icrc.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_file\/2025-10\/ICRC-Position_Paper-Autonomous_Weapon_Systems_and_IHL-Selected_issues_Oct2025.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9780511511363.021 <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/www.wto.org\/english\/tratop_e\/dispu_e\/7428d.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/nipo.gov.ua\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Metod_rekomend_ekspertyzy_vynakhody-km-2025.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/go\/z1411-24<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/supreme.court.gov.ua\/userfiles\/media\/new_folder_for_uploads\/supreme\/Prez_Petrov_05_10_2021.pdf <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/zakon.rada.gov.ua\/laws\/show\/v0012700-99<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/ukrpatent.org\/atachs\/blagovist-res-2021.pdf <\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"