![\"\"](\"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/018-cover-734x1024.jpg\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\nTheory and practice of intellectual property
\u2116 2 \/ 2026<\/p>\n\n\n\n
ISSN (Print) 2308-0361
ISSN (Online) 2519-2744<\/p>\n\n\n\n
![\"\"](\"https:\/\/test.inprojournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/free-icon-pdf-201153.png\"){kind=icon}
PDF (Ukrainian)<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\nDOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/tpip.2026.2.3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Submitted\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 2026-04-06 <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n\n\n\n <\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n Artificial intelligence in animation: issues of legal protection of generated objects<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Oleksandr Tkach<\/strong> Abstract Keywords: <\/strong>copyright, audiovisual work, animation, sui generis, artificial intelligence, generated object<\/p>\n\n\n\n References<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n Bonadio, E., & McDonagh, L. (2020). Artificial Intelligence as Producer and Consumer of Copyright Works: Evaluating the Consequences of Algorithmic Creativity. Intellectual Property Quarterly, 2, 112-137. Cappello, M. (ed.) (2024). AI and the audiovisual sector: navigating the current legal landscape. IRIS. European Audiovisual Observatory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Chatwood, R. (28.01.2025). AI and intellectual property rights. Dentos. https:\/\/www.dentons.com\/en\/insights\/articles\/2025\/january\/28\/ai-and-intellectual-property-rights<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gaidartzi, A., & Stamatoudi, I. (2025). Authorship and Ownership Issues Raised by AI-Generated Works: A Comparative Analysis. Laws, 14(57). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/laws14040057<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Gervais, D. (2022). AI Derivatives: the Application to the Derivative Work Right to Literary and Artistic Productions of AI Machines. Seton Hall Law Review, 52, 1111\u20131136. Gries, C. (05.12.2024). Der Einsatz von K\u00fcnstlicher Intelligenz im Landesmuseum W\u00fcrttemberg. Landesmuseum W\u00fcrttemberg. Grieve, L. (25.07.2025). How Original: AI music and the fate of section 9(3) CDPA. Intellectual Property Awareness Network. Fritz, J. (2025). Understanding authorship in Artificial Intelligence-assisted works. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 20(5), 354\u2013364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpae119<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Hugenholtz, P., & Quintais, J. (2021). Copyright and Artificial Creation: Does EU Copyright Law Protect AI-Assisted Output? International Review of Intellectual Property and Competition Law, 52, 1190\u20131216. Lee, J. Y. (2021). Artificial Intelligence Cases in China: Feilin v. Baidu and Tencent Shenzhen v. Shanghai Yingxin. China & WTO Review, 1, 211\u2013222. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.14330\/cwr.2021.7.1.11<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Lucci, N. (2025). Generative AI and Copyright \u2013 Training, Creation, Regulation. Publications Office of the European Union. Militsyna, K. (2023). Human Creative Contribution to AI-Based Output \u2013 One Just Can(\u2019t) Get Enough. GRUR International, 72(10), 939\u2013949. Shtefan, A. (2021). Creativity and artificial intelligence: a view from the perspective of copyright. Journal of Intellectual Property Law & Practice, 16(7), 720\u2013728. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jiplp\/jpab093<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Shtefan, A. (2025). Sui generis protection of AI-generated outputs in Ukraine. InterEULawEast: Journal for the international and european law, economics and market integrations, 12(2), 79\u2013103. Shtefan, A. (2026). Generative AI v. Human Creativity: Challenges for the Copyright System. In Worwood M. & Kaufman J. (eds), Generative Artificial Intelligence and Creativity: Possibilities, Precautions, and Perspectives (101\u2013111) Elsevier Academic Press. Smuha, N. (ed.) (2025). The Cambridge Handbook of the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence. Cambridge University Press.<\/p>\n\n\n\n Vanherpe, J. (2025). Artificial Intelligence and Intellectual Property Law. In N. A. Smuha (Ed.), The Cambridge Handbook of the Law, Ethics and Policy of Artificial Intelligence (211\u2013227). Cambridge University Press. Wyczik, J., & Wieczerzak, R. (2024). Rethinking Copyright: The Art of Ownership in AI Outputs. Eastern European Journal of Transnational Relations. 8(1). 39-52. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15290\/eejtr.2024.08.01.04<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n Yu, X. (2025). China: Copyright Protection for AI-Generated Content. MMLC Group. Zhe D. & Banggui J. (2023). The copyright protection of AI-generated works under Chinese law. Juridical Tribune. 13(2). 241\u2013260. \u0414\u043e\u0440\u043e\u0448\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e, \u041e., \u0456 \u0422\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0435\u043d\u043a\u043e, \u041b. (2023). \u041f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e sui generis \u043d\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0433\u0456\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0456 \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442\u0438, \u0437\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0456 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u2019\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u044e \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043e\u044e: \u043d\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044f. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, 3, 87\u201396. \u0417\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u041a. (2023). \u0427\u0438 \u043c\u0440\u0456\u044e\u0442\u044c \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u043f\u0440\u043e \u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u043e\u0432\u0435\u0446\u044c? \u041f\u043e\u043d\u044f\u0442\u0442\u044f \u0442\u0430 \u0443\u043c\u043e\u0432\u0438 \u043e\u0445\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456 \u043e\u0431\u2019\u0454\u043a\u0442\u0456\u0432, \u0437\u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0448\u0442\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443 \u0432 \u0423\u043a\u0440\u0430\u0457\u043d\u0456. \u0422\u0435\u043e\u0440\u0456\u044f \u0456 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u043a\u0430 \u0456\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0457 \u0432\u043b\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0456, 4\u20135, 90\u2013100. Theory and practice of intellectual property\u2116 2 \/ 2026 ISSN (Print) 2308-0361ISSN (Online) 2519-2744 DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/tpip.2026.2.3 Submitted\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0 2026-04-06Accepted \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 2026-04-21Published \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02026-05-28 Artificial intelligence in animation: issues of legal protection of generated objects Oleksandr TkachPhD student,Intellectual Property Scientific Research Instituteof the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv, Ukrainehttps:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7586-1304 AbstractThe article outlines the […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-11604","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11604","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11604"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11604\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11607,"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/11604\/revisions\/11607"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11604"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
Accepted \u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0 2026-04-21
Published \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02026-05-28<\/p>\n\n\n\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/inprojournal.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/CC-2.png\")
<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
PhD student,
Intellectual Property Scientific Research Institute
of the National Academy of Legal Sciences of Ukraine
Kyiv, Ukraine
https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7586-1304<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/strong>The article outlines the issues surrounding the legal protection of objects generated by artificial intelligence that constitute elements of animated audiovisual works. It provides an analysis of different approaches (concepts) to determining the foundations of legal protection for such generated objects, based on a comparison among the anthropocentric standards of the EU and the USA, the utilitarian approach of China, and the specific provisions of the legislation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. Particular attention is given to the analysis of Ukrainian legislation, which for the first time in the world introduces protection of non-original objects through a sui generis right. The study emphasizes the complexity of distinguishing between objects created through autonomous generation, works created by a human using artificial intelligence as a tool, and objects generated by artificial intelligence and subsequently refined by a human. The necessity of proving an individual creative contribution when enforcing intellectual property rights in the context of the cross-border dissemination of animated content is highlighted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3617197<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.4022665<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/blog.landesmuseum-stuttgart.de\/der-einsatz-von-kuenstlicher-intelligenz-im-landesmuseum-wuerttemberg\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/ipaware.org\/how-original-ai-music-and-the-fate-of-section-93-cdpa\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40319-021-01115-0<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2861\/9120512<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/grurint\/ikad075<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22598\/iele.2025.12.2.3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-443-34073-4.00004-6<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/9781009367783.014<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/mmlcgroup.com\/china-copyright-ai-gen\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.24818\/TBJ\/2023\/13\/2.05<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/32023.282325<\/a> <\/p>\n\n\n\n
https:\/\/doi.org\/10.33731\/4-52023.289803<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"